Kodi chilinganizo chamankhwala cha graphite ndi chiyani?

Graphite, molecular formula: C, molecular weight: 12.01, ndi mawonekedwe a element carbon, atomu iliyonse ya carbon imalumikizidwa ndi maatomu ena atatu a carbon (okonzedwa mu hexagons ya uchi) kuti apange molekyulu ya covalent.Chifukwa atomu iliyonse ya carbon imatulutsa elekitironi, imene imatha kuyenda momasuka, choncho graphite ndi kondakitala.

Graphite ndi imodzi mwa mchere wofewa kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zake zimaphatikizapo kupanga zolembera za pensulo ndi mafuta.Mpweya ndi chinthu chopanda zitsulo chomwe chili mu gulu lachiwiri la IVA la tebulo la periodic.Graphite amapangidwa pa kutentha kwambiri.

Graphite ndi mchere wa crystalline wa carbon elements, ndipo crystalline lattice ndi mawonekedwe a hexagonal layered.Mtunda wapakati pa wosanjikiza uliwonse wa mauna ndi 3.35A, ndipo katalikirana ka ma atomu a kaboni muukonde womwewo ndi 1.42A.Ndi hexagonal crystal system yokhala ndi cleavage yathunthu.Malo otsetsereka amakhala makamaka mamolekyu omangira, osawoneka bwino ku mamolekyu, motero kuyandama kwake kwachilengedwe ndikwabwino kwambiri.

Mu makhiristo a graphite, ma atomu a kaboni omwe ali mugawo lomwelo amapanga chomangira chogwirizana ndi sp2 hybridization, ndipo atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imalumikizidwa ndi ma atomu ena atatu m'magulu atatu ogwirizana.Ma atomu asanu ndi limodzi a kaboni amapanga mphete yopitilira sikisi mu ndege imodzi, kupitilira mu mawonekedwe a lamella, pomwe kutalika kwa chomangira cha CC ndi 142pm, komwe kuli ndendende mkati mwautali wamtundu wa kristalo wa atomiki, kotero pagawo lomwelo. , ndi kristalo wa atomiki.Ma atomu a carbon mu ndege imodzi ali ndi p orbit imodzi, yomwe imadutsana.Ma electron ndi aulere, ofanana ndi ma electron aulere muzitsulo, kotero kuti graphite imatha kutentha ndi magetsi, zomwe ndi khalidwe la makristasi azitsulo.Momwemonso amagawidwa ngati makristasi azitsulo.

Pakati pa kristalo wa graphite amasiyanitsidwa ndi 335pm, ndipo mtunda ndi waukulu.Zimaphatikizidwa ndi mphamvu ya van der Waals, ndiye kuti, wosanjikiza ndi wa kristalo wa molekyulu.Komabe, chifukwa kumangirira kwa maatomu a carbon mu gawo limodzi la ndege kumakhala kolimba kwambiri komanso kovuta kwambiri kuwononga, malo osungunuka a graphite nawonso ndi okwera kwambiri ndipo mankhwala ake ndi okhazikika.

Potengera mawonekedwe ake apadera omangirira, sangaganizidwe ngati kristalo imodzi kapena polycrystal, graphite tsopano imadziwika ngati kristalo wosakanikirana.